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ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) regulations for crypto assets aim to address their environmental impact (e.g., energy-intensive mining), promote transparency, and ensure ethical governance practices to align the crypto industry with broader sustainability and societal goals. These regulations encourage compliance with standards that mitigate risks and foster trust in digital assets.
| Name | Bitpanda Asset Management GmbH, Bitpanda GmbH |
| Relevant legal entity identifier | 9845005X9B7N610K0093, 5493007WZ7IFULIL8G21 |
| Name of the crypto-asset | NEO |
| Consensus Mechanism | NEO is present on the following networks: ethereum, neo. The Ethereum network uses a Proof-of-Stake Consensus Mechanism to validate new transactions on the blockchain. Core Components 1. Validators: Validators are responsible for proposing and validating new blocks. To become a validator, a user must deposit (stake) 32 ETH into a smart contract. This stake acts as collateral and can be slashed if the validator behaves dishonestly. 2. Beacon Chain: The Beacon Chain is the backbone of Ethereum 2.0. It coordinates the network of validators and manages the consensus protocol. It is responsible for creating new blocks, organizing validators into committees, and implementing the finality of blocks. Consensus Process 1. Block Proposal: Validators are chosen randomly to propose new blocks. This selection is based on a weighted random function (WRF), where the weight is determined by the amount of ETH staked. 2. Attestation: Validators not proposing a block participate in attestation. They attest to the validity of the proposed block by voting for it. Attestations are then aggregated to form a single proof of the block’s validity. 3. Committees: Validators are organized into committees to streamline the validation process. Each committee is responsible for validating blocks within a specific shard or the Beacon Chain itself. This ensures decentralization and security, as a smaller group of validators can quickly reach consensus. 4. Finality: Ethereum 2.0 uses a mechanism called Casper FFG (Friendly Finality Gadget) to achieve finality. Finality means that a block and its transactions are considered irreversible and confirmed. Validators vote on the finality of blocks, and once a supermajority is reached, the block is finalized. 5. Incentives and Penalties: Validators earn rewards for participating in the network, including proposing blocks and attesting to their validity. Conversely, validators can be penalized (slashed) for malicious behavior, such as double-signing or being offline for extended periods. This ensures honest participation and network security. The NEO blockchain uses a Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance (dBFT) consensus mechanism to validate transactions, relying on an elected committee and consensus nodes to maintain security and efficiency. Core Components of dBFT: 1. Candidates: a. Individuals or organizations can register as candidates for committee membership, a process that requires on-chain registration. b. NEO holders vote for candidates based on their NEO holdings, with votes calculated every 21 blocks. c. Elections are valid if more than 20% of all NEO tokens participate in voting. The candidates with the most votes are selected as committee members and consensus nodes. 2. Committee: a. The top 21 candidates with the most votes are elected as committee members. This committee is responsible for governing the network, including electing node roles like Oracle nodes, StateRoot consensus nodes, NeoFS Inner Ring nodes, and consensus nodes. b. The seven members with the highest votes also serve as consensus nodes, responsible for proposing and generating new blocks. Consensus nodes are rotated every 21 blocks to maintain security and decentralization. c. Committee proposals require more than 50% agreement for approval, allowing the committee to update blockchain parameters as needed. |
| Incentive Mechanisms and Applicable Fees | NEO is present on the following networks: ethereum, neo. Ethereum, particularly after transitioning to Ethereum 2.0 (Eth2), employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism to secure its network. The incentives for validators and the fee structures play crucial roles in maintaining the security and efficiency of the blockchain. Incentive Mechanisms 1. Staking Rewards: Validator Rewards: Validators are essential to the PoS mechanism. They are responsible for proposing and validating new blocks. To participate, they must stake a minimum of 32 ETH. In return, they earn rewards for their contributions, which are paid out in ETH. These rewards are a combination of newly minted ETH and transaction fees from the blocks they validate. Reward Rate: The reward rate for validators is dynamic and depends on the total amount of ETH staked in the network. The more ETH staked, the lower the individual reward rate, and vice versa. This is designed to balance the network's security and the incentive to participate. 2. Transaction Fees: Base Fee: After the implementation of Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP) 1559, the transaction fee model changed to include a base fee that is burned (i.e., removed from circulation). This base fee adjusts dynamically based on network demand, aiming to stabilize transaction fees and reduce volatility. Priority Fee (Tip): Users can also include a priority fee (tip) to incentivize validators to include their transactions more quickly. This fee goes directly to the validators, providing them with an additional incentive to process transactions efficiently. 3. Penalties for Malicious Behavior: Slashing: Validators face penalties (slashing) if they engage in malicious behavior, such as double-signing or validating incorrect information. Slashing results in the loss of a portion of their staked ETH, discouraging bad actors and ensuring that validators act in the network's best interest. Inactivity Penalties: Validators also face penalties for prolonged inactivity. This ensures that validators remain active and engaged in maintaining the network's security and operation. Fees Applicable on the Ethereum Blockchain 1. Gas Fees: Calculation: Gas fees are calculated based on the computational complexity of transactions and smart contract executions. Each operation on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) has an associated gas cost. Dynamic Adjustment: The base fee introduced by EIP-1559 dynamically adjusts according to network congestion. When demand for block space is high, the base fee increases, and when demand is low, it decreases. 2. Smart Contract Fees: Deployment and Interaction: Deploying a smart contract on Ethereum involves paying gas fees proportional to the contract's complexity and size. Interacting with deployed smart contracts (e.g., executing functions, transferring tokens) also incurs gas fees. Optimizations: Developers are incentivized to optimize their smart contracts to minimize gas usage, making transactions more cost-effective for users. 3. Asset Transfer Fees: Token Transfers: Transferring ERC-20 or other token standards involves gas fees. These fees vary based on the token's contract implementation and the current network demand. The NEO network uses a dual-token model featuring NEO and GAS tokens. NEO serves governance and voting functions, while GAS is used for network operations. Incentive Mechanisms: - NEO Token: Supply and Governance: NEO has a maximum supply of 100 million tokens, is indivisible, and is used for governance activities, including electing consensus nodes and adjusting consensus parameters. Claiming GAS: NEO holders earn GAS based on their holdings, which allows them to participate in the ecosystem without directly purchasing GAS. - GAS Token: Utility and Fees: GAS is the network’s utility token, with a minimum unit of 0.00000001 (1 Datoshi). GAS is required for network fees, including transfers, asset registration, and smart contract execution. GAS transactions are precise, supporting high granularity for fees. Supply: Unlike NEO, GAS has no maximum supply, and transaction fees paid in GAS are burned, which contributes to supply control. - GAS Distribution: Block Rewards: Each block generates 5 GAS, distributed to NEO holders, voters, and the Neo Committee: NEO Holders receive 10%, distributed based on the holding period. Committee & Consensus Nodes receive 10%, with rewards recalculated every 21 blocks based on updated voting. Voters receive 80%, incentivizing voting participation. Rewards are calculated and distributed every epoch (21 blocks), with voters for consensus nodes receiving a higher reward ratio than those voting for non-consensus committee members. |
| Beginning of the period | 2024-01-30 |
| End of the period | 2025-01-30 |
| Energy consumption | 65700.00000 (kWh/a) |